Study register

Result. Mean change in body weight was −14.9% with semaglutide versus −2.4% with placebo at week 68.

Adverse events. Nausea and diarrhoea were the most common events, typically transient and dose-escalation related; more discontinuations for gastrointestinal events than placebo.

Limitations. Participants without diabetes only; all participants received lifestyle intervention; 68-week duration does not address longer-term maintenance or discontinuation effects.

Result. Mean percentage weight change was −15.0%, −19.5%, and −20.9% at 5 mg, 10 mg, and 15 mg respectively, versus −3.1% with placebo.

Adverse events. Predominantly gastrointestinal (nausea, diarrhoea, constipation, vomiting), mostly mild to moderate and occurring during escalation.

Limitations. Excluded participants with diabetes; lifestyle intervention in all arms; does not establish durability after discontinuation.

Result. Reported substantially lower progression to type 2 diabetes versus placebo with sustained weight reduction over the treatment period; weight regain was observed after treatment withdrawal.

Adverse events. Consistent with the established gastrointestinal profile of the class.

Limitations. Prediabetes population only; the post-withdrawal regain finding is directly relevant to any assumption that effects persist after stopping.

Result. Mean weight reduction at 48 weeks reached −24.2% in the highest-dose group versus −2.1% with placebo.

Adverse events. Dose-dependent gastrointestinal events; dose-dependent increases in heart rate were reported that peaked and then declined.

Limitations. Phase 2, 338 participants, 48 weeks. Not a phase 3 outcome trial; long-term safety and cardiovascular outcomes are not established.

Result. Pooled analysis reported significant weight and metabolic marker changes versus comparator.

Adverse events. Pooled gastrointestinal event rates consistent with the individual trials.

Limitations. Small number of constituent trials; heterogeneity in dose and duration; dominated by a single phase 2 programme.

Result. Reported reduction in visceral adipose tissue versus placebo, with attenuation of the effect after discontinuation.

Adverse events. Injection-site reactions, arthralgia, peripheral oedema; effects on glucose parameters were monitored.

Limitations. Population is specific to HIV-associated lipodystrophy. Findings should not be extrapolated to other populations, and the effect reversed after stopping.

Result. Statistically significant improvement in desire and reduction in associated distress versus placebo. Effect sizes were modest.

Adverse events. Nausea, flushing, headache; transient blood-pressure increase and heart-rate decrease after dosing.

Limitations. Premenopausal women only. Effect sizes modest and of debated clinical meaningfulness. Not studied in men in these trials.

Result. Reported broadly consistent direction of effect across prespecified subgroups.

Adverse events. As reported in the parent trials.

Limitations. Subgroup analyses are hypothesis-generating and underpowered individually.

Result. Body weight changed by −20.4% with the combination versus −3.0% with placebo on the treatment-policy estimand, a difference of −17.3 percentage points. Semaglutide alone reached −14.9% and cagrilintide alone −11.5% in the same trial.

Adverse events. Gastrointestinal events predominated and were most frequent during escalation, consistent with both drug classes.

Limitations. Excluded type 2 diabetes. The widely quoted −22.7% figure is the trial-product estimand, which models full adherence, and is not the primary result. Sixty-eight weeks says nothing about what happens on discontinuation.

Result. Body weight changed by −13.7% versus −3.4% with placebo, a difference of −10.4 percentage points. The effect is materially smaller than in the population without diabetes.

Adverse events. Gastrointestinal events consistent with the incretin and amylin classes.

Limitations. The gap between this result and REDEFINE 1 is the finding worth carrying: the same schedule in a diabetic population produced roughly two-thirds of the weight change.

Result. HbA1c fell 2.2 percentage points with the combination versus 1.8 with semaglutide alone, which did not reach significance. Body weight fell 15.6% versus 5.1% and 8.1%, which did.

Adverse events. Gastrointestinal, dose-escalation related.

Limitations. Ninety-two participants across three arms. This is the dose-ranging ancestor of the phase 3 programme, not a basis for practice.

Result. Weight change ranged from −6.0% at 0.3 mg to −10.8% at 4.5 mg, against −3.0% for placebo. The 4.5 mg arm beat liraglutide 3.0 mg at −9.0%.

Adverse events. Gastrointestinal events, dose related.

Limitations. This is the only trial that establishes what cagrilintide does on its own. Note that the amount taken forward into the combination programme was 2.4 mg, not the 4.5 mg that performed best here.

Result. Well tolerated across the range studied, with no dose-limiting toxicity reported.

Adverse events. No dose-limiting toxicity reported.

Limitations. Read the units carefully. This is µg/kg intravenous full-length thymosin beta-4, roughly 0.035 to 1.75 mg per administration for a 70 kg adult. The fragment sold as TB-500 is a different molecule and is injected subcutaneously at amounts many times larger. This record is the reason that comparison can be made at all.

Result. Both primary endpoints were missed. Several secondary endpoints favoured treatment.

Adverse events. No significant safety signal reported over 28 days.

Limitations. A topical ophthalmic formulation. It carries no information about subcutaneous use for soft-tissue repair, which is what the compound is sold for.

Result. 25.3 hours versus 32.6 hours for placebo. The difference was not statistically significant (p=0.15).

Adverse events. No significant safety signal over the short treatment period.

Limitations. This is the only human randomised trial of ipamorelin at any dose, it is a negative result, and the amount used, about 2 mg per administration intravenously for a 70 kg adult, is roughly ten times what is sold for subcutaneous use.

Result. No significant difference on any objective endpoint. Only subjective patient satisfaction differed.

Adverse events. None significant reported.

Limitations. Thirteen participants, topical, and negative on everything measured objectively. There is no published human trial of injected GHK-Cu at any amount.

Result. The publication reports favourable neurological outcomes against control.

Adverse events. Limited systematic reporting.

Limitations. The reported figure is a per-day amount, and this site's protocols require a per-administration figure. Because the division is not stated, no protocol quantity on this site is attributed to this trial. It is catalogued so the gap is visible rather than filled by guessing.

Result. Anxiolytic effect reported as comparable to the benzodiazepine comparator.

Adverse events. Limited systematic reporting.

Limitations. The identifier is real and the trial exists. The quantity does not appear in the published record at all, so there is no study arm on this site to attribute a Selank figure to.

Result. Concludes that no clinical data support the use of GHK-Cu for musculoskeletal conditions, that CJC-1295 and ipamorelin synergy data is murine only, that tesamorelin has no supporting orthopaedic evidence, and that for the class generally the indications, amounts, frequency and duration of treatment remain unknown.

Adverse events. Not an outcome of the review.

Limitations. A narrative review, not a meta-analysis. It is catalogued because it is the most recent peer-reviewed statement of how thin this evidence base is, and because it is the counterweight to every vendor page that implies otherwise.

Result. Consistent positive findings across rodent models. Reporting is heavily concentrated in a small number of research groups.

Adverse events. Not systematically characterised in humans.

Limitations. No adequate published human efficacy trials. Concentration of findings within a limited set of groups reduces independent replication. Animal dosing does not translate to human quantities.

Result. In-vitro work reports increased collagen and matrix protein synthesis. Small topical human cosmetic studies report modest measured changes.

Adverse events. Topical irritation reported in some cosmetic studies.

Limitations. Human evidence is small, often industry-sponsored cosmetic studies with short duration. Topical findings do not transfer to injected use, which is not adequately studied.

Result. Reported to release growth hormone with greater selectivity than earlier secretagogues in the models studied.

Adverse events. Not established in sustained human use.

Limitations. A pharmacodynamic signal is not a clinical outcome. No adequate long-term human outcome or safety data.

Result. Sustained elevation of GH and IGF-1 concentrations was reported following administration in early-phase human work.

Adverse events. Injection-site reactions and flushing reported in early-phase work.

Limitations. Early-phase pharmacodynamic work only. No outcome trials. The DAC and non-DAC forms differ materially and are frequently conflated in non-scientific sources.

Result. Reported improvement in insulin sensitivity and resistance to diet-induced obesity in the mouse models studied.

Adverse events. Not characterised in humans.

Limitations. Animal and mechanistic work. No adequate human outcome trials.

Result. Results across programmes have been mixed. Several endpoints did not reach statistical significance, and development history includes missed primary endpoints.

Adverse events. Injection-site reactions were common in the trials.

Limitations. This is an important example of conflicting evidence: positive early signals were not consistently confirmed in larger trials.

Result. The originating programme reported favourable findings.

Adverse events. Not systematically characterised.

Limitations. Evidence originates almost entirely from a single research programme, much of it not indexed in mainstream databases and not independently replicated. Treat directional claims with substantial caution.

Result. Positive findings in animal repair models. Human work is largely limited to topical dermal and ophthalmic formulations.

Adverse events. Not characterised for systemic use in humans.

Limitations. TB-500 as sold is a fragment and is not identical to full-length thymosin beta-4 used in much of the research. This distinction is frequently ignored.

Result. The originating literature reports favourable neurological outcomes.

Adverse events. Limited systematic reporting.

Limitations. Evidence is concentrated in one jurisdiction's literature, with limited independent replication and limited indexing in Western databases.

Result. Trials consistently show that oral precursors raise blood NAD+ concentration. Downstream functional and clinical benefits have been inconsistent.

Adverse events. Generally well tolerated in the oral trials at studied quantities.

Limitations. Raising a biomarker is not the same as improving an outcome. Intravenous NAD+ is much less studied than oral precursors, and the two should not be treated as interchangeable.

Result. The human programme did not demonstrate a statistically significant weight reduction versus placebo at the primary endpoint, and development for that indication did not proceed.

Adverse events. Generally well tolerated in the trials.

Limitations. This is a negative-result record and is retained deliberately. Marketing material for this compound frequently omits it.

Result. Findings across the small historical studies are inconsistent.

Adverse events. Not systematically characterised.

Limitations. Old, small, methodologically dated studies with inconsistent results. The name overstates the strength of the sleep evidence.

Result. The originating literature reports anxiolytic effect comparable to a benzodiazepine comparator.

Adverse events. Limited systematic reporting.

Limitations. Single-jurisdiction evidence base, limited independent replication, short duration.

Result. The amylin analogue alone and in combination with semaglutide reported greater weight reduction than semaglutide alone in the programmes reported.

Adverse events. Gastrointestinal events consistent with the incretin/amylin classes.

Limitations. Verify the specific trial and arm before citing a figure. Combination programmes are ongoing and readouts continue to change.

Result. Reported increases in growth velocity in the paediatric deficiency population.

Adverse events. Injection-site reactions, flushing, headache.

Limitations. The evidence base is a paediatric deficiency population and a diagnostic application. It does not support extrapolation to adults without deficiency.

Result. Reported reduction in adipose mass in the mouse models studied.

Adverse events. Not characterised in humans.

Limitations. Entirely preclinical. No published human efficacy or safety trials.

Result. Published case literature describes changes in melanocytic naevi, reports of melanoma diagnosed in users, rhabdomyolysis, renal injury, and posterior reversible encephalopathy.

Adverse events. This record exists specifically to document reported harms rather than an efficacy endpoint.

Limitations. Case literature cannot establish incidence or causation, but the volume and severity of reported signals are themselves the relevant finding.

Result. No results have been posted. The registry status is Unknown and the trial has not been published.

Adverse events. Not reported.

Limitations. This is the entire registered human record for BPC-157, and it is an oral formulation with no posted results. It is not evidence that injected BPC-157 works, and it is frequently cited as though it were.

Result. Recruiting. No results.

Adverse events. Not yet reported.

Limitations. This is the first interventional human study of MOTS-c ever registered, it began in 2026, and it has no results. Until it reports, every MOTS-c quantity in circulation is extrapolated from rodent work.